دانلود نظریه ی عملی و شناختی در روانشناسی
طراحی صنعتی :
مدل و رابط کاربری
ACTION THEORY AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN :
USER MODELS AND USER INTERFACES
نظریه ی عملی و شناختی در روانشناسی به زبان انگلیسی و در 177 صفحه برای دانشجویان ، محققین و اساتید رشته ی روانشناسی ترجمه شده است . ترجمه ی فایل انگلیسی نظریه ی عملی و شناختی در روانشناسی بصورت کاملا حرفه ای ، سلیس ، بسیار روان و شیوا توسط بهترین مترجمان ترجمه شده و در این وبسایت که با قدمتی 8 ساله در ارائه ی مقالات ، پایان نامه ، فایل های ترجمه شده و ... در رشته روانشناسی دارد ارائه شده است .
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INTRODUCTION
1. User Models
As a kind of action, industrial design emerged at the very beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Its starting point was and still is the understanding of human nature, or the human model, or the user model. The model explains how people desire and how people behave. Such explanation was and is the foundation of industrial design. Up to now, there are two groups of user models in industrial design: the models based on behaviorism from the beginning of the 20th century, and the user models which include the action model (task models) based on action theory and the mental model based on cognitive psychology from 1970´s.
2. The Stimulus-Response Model
Behaviorism has studied and predicted successfully stimulus-response phenomena. Behaviorists describe the behavior of organism as a function of the states of environment (as stimuli). It is assumed that stimuli and responses can be described externally. Only observable and measurable behavior is taken as the study object because consciousness, mind, hope, emotion can only be understood through self-observation. Behaviorism especially concentrated on learned and unlearned association between situation (or stimulus) and reflex, reaction, i.e., organism was adapted to external demands or inner state of demands, upon which organism reacted with learned or unlearned behavioral ways (reaction chain). Behaviorism built the following conceptions about the human (Müller, 1989):
(1) behavior is seen as the result of a causal chain which is set up through current and past stimuli in the course;
(2) behavior is seen as dependent variable upon the factors which affect the organism from outside, and the behavior is determined completely through the environment;
(3) the organism has no dynamics of its own, but responds first to external affected force in a determined type
This view in design builds such relationship between humans and artifacts that artifacts and the environment are the active side and humans are the passive side. Such stimulus-response (S-R) language of behavioral psychology was used as a description of human behavior (Figure 0-1). Physical aspect of human behavior was understood mainly as mechanical sensorimotor movement. People should respond rationally, correctly, skillfully and quickly without thinking. Designers´ concern was: "What does the operator have to perceive? What does he or she have to decide? What control operations must the person perform? Are equipment and system characteristics such that the human component can sense, discriminate, decide, and manipulate as required to accomplish system functions?" (Meister and Rabideau, 1965). The nervous system is conceived of as an inert switchboard with no power of initiating action and no spontaneity. (Ryan and Smith, 1954).
جهت خرید نظریه عملی و شناختی در روانشناسی روی لینک زیر کلیک کنید و پس از پر کردن فرم مشخصات به درگاه مستقیم و ایمن بانک صادرات متصل میشوید که میتوانید بدون اضافه شدن مبلغی مانند مالیات و ارزش افزوده که در اکثر سایت ها مرسوم است پرداختی بدون دغدغه داشته باشید .